Social Networks

We survey the literature on social networks by putting together the economics, sociological and physics/applied mathematics approaches, showing their similarities and differences. We expose, in particular, the two main ways of modeling network formation. While the physics/applied mathematics approach is capable of reproducing most observed networks, it does not explain why they emerge. On the contrary, the economics approach is very precise in explaining why networks emerge but does a poor job in matching real-world networks. We also analyze behaviors on networks, which take networks as given and focus on the impact of their structure on individuals’ outcomes. Using a game-theoretical framework, we then compare the results with those obtained in sociology.random graph, game theory, centrality measures, network formation, weak and strong ties

Communication and influence

We study the information flows that arise among a set of agents with local knowledge and directed payoff interactions, which differ among pairs of agents. First, we study the equilibrium of a game where, before making decisions, agents can invest in pairwise active communication (speaking) and pairwise passive communication (listening). This leads to a full characterization of information and influence flows. Second, we show that when the coordination motive dominates the adaptation motive, the influence of an agent on all his peers is approximately proportional to his eigenvector centrality. Third, we use our results to explain organizational phenomena such as the emergence of work "cliques," the adoption of human resources practices that foster communication (especially active communication), and the discrepancy between formal hierarchy and actual influence

Assessment of spray drift potential reduction for hollow-cone nozzles: Part 1. Classification using indirect methods

Spray drift is one of the main pollution sources identified when pesticides are sprayed on crops. In this work, in order to simplify the evaluation of hollow-cone nozzles according to their drift potential reduction, several models commonly used were tested by three indirect methods: phase Doppler particle analyser (PDPA) and two different wind tunnels. The main aim of this study is then to classify for the first time these hollow-cone nozzle models all of them used in tree crop spraying (3D crops). A comparison between these indirect methods to assess their suitability and to provide guidelines for a spray drift classification of hollow-cone nozzles was carried out. The results show that, in general terms, all methods allow hollow-cone nozzle classifications according to their drift potential reduction (DPR) with a similar trend. Among all the parameters determined with the PDPA, the V100 parameter performed best in differentiating the tested nozzles among drift reduction classes. In the wind tunnel, similar values were obtained for both sedimenting and airborne drift depositions. The V100 parameter displayed a high correlation (up to R2 = 0.948) with the drift potential tested with the wind tunnel. It is concluded that in general, the evaluated indirect methods provide equivalent classification results. Additional studies with a greater variety of nozzle types are required to achieve a proposal of harmonized methodology for testing hollow-cone nozzles.This work was partly funded by the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under Grants 2017 SGR 646, AGL2007-66093-C04-03, AGL2010-22304-04-C03-03, and AGL2013-48297-C2-2-R. The authors also wish to thank Mr. Antonio Checa (Randex Iberica, S.L.) for giving us free Albuz nozzles for the spray tests. Universitat de Lleida is also thanked for Mr. X. Torrent's pre-doctoral fellowship

Pla d'acció d'energia sostenible al monestir tibetà Sakya Tashi Ling

El Monestir Budista del Garraf presenta unEl Monasterio Budista del Garraf presenta unGarraf's Buddhist Monastery has an Executive Plan in order to expand the monastery. In order to improve the energy efficiency in the future monastery, consumption is estimated in accordance with certain criteria Ecoficiencia Decree. Later it'

Water-air volatilization factors to determine volatile organic compound (VOC) reference levels in water

The goal of this work is the modeling and calculation of volatilization factors (VFs) from water to air for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in order to perform human health risk - base d reference levels (RLs) for the safe use of water. The VF models have been developed starting from the overall mass - transfer coefficients ( K overall ) concept from air to water for two interaction geometries (flat surface and spherical droplets) in indoor a nd outdoor scenarios . For a case study with five groups of risk scenarios and thirty VOCs , theoretical VFs have been calculated by using the developed models. Results showed that K overall values for flat and spherical surface geometries were close to the m ass transfer coefficient for water ( K L ) when Henry ’s law constant ( K H ) was high. I n the case of s pherical drop geometry , the fraction of volatilization ( f V ) was asymptotical when increasing K H with f V values also limited due to K overall . VFs for flat surfa ces were calculated from the emission flux of VOCs , and results showed values close to 1000 K H for the most conservative indoor scenarios and almost constant values for outdoor scenarios. VFs for spherical geometry in indoor scenarios followed also constant VFs and were far from 1000 K H . The highest calculated VF values corresponded to the E2A, E2B, E3A and E5A scenarios and were compared with experimental and real results in order to check the goodness of flat and sphere geometry models. Results showed an ov erestimation of OPEN ACCESS Toxics 2014 , 2 277 calculated values for the E2A and E2B scenarios and an underestimation for the E3A and E5A scenarios. In both cases , most of the calculated VFs were from 0.1 - to 10 - times higher than experimental /real valuesPeer ReviewedPostprint (published version

"Te quiero, maldita sea" : lectura crítica de los discursos mediáticos del amor lésbico en Tierra de lobos (Telecinco: 2010-14)

El artículo analiza cómo se construye e interpreta el mito del amor romántico en los relatos audiovisuales de ficción a partir de la relación de pareja de Isabel (Adriana Torrebejano) y Cristina (Berta Hernández) en la serie televisiva Tierra de lobos (Telecinco: 2010-14). La investigación se realiza en una doble dimensión: la representación narrativa en la serie y la respuesta en foros de internet. Metodológicamente hemos realizado una investigación de corte cualitativo en la que, desde una perspectiva crítica feminista, utilizamos dos métodos de investigación: el análisis crítico del discurso o análisis textual y el estudio de recepción. Como resultado, reconocemos la influencia que los medios tienen en la conformación de los imaginarios personales y colectivos sobre los modelos de atracción en las relaciones lésbicas, así como la preponderancia del modelo tradicional de atracción frente a modelos alternativos más igualitarios.This paper analyses the ways in which the myths of "romantic love" and "the better half" are reproduced in media fiction and examines how audiences read them. We focus on the relationship between Isabel (Adriana Torrebejano) and Cristina (Berta Hernández) -characters of the TV series Tierra de lobos (Telecinco: 2010-14)- and develop two research lines: the narrative structure of the series and viewers' response in different Internet forums. We conclude, firstly, that media discourse influences and shapes individual and social imaginaries regarding attraction models in lesbian relationships and, secondly, that the traditional attraction model prevails in the face of more egalitarian alternative models

La integració de les energies renovables en un model energètic sostenible

La sostenibilitat del model energètic de Catalunya es veu condicionada per aspectes com la dependència energètica, la seguretat de subministrament, l'eficiència energètica, els impactes ambientals i la demanda creixent. D'altra banda, la incorporació d'energia renovable en el mix energètic implica una major autonomia energètica, seguretat de subministrament a llarg termini, i eficiència energètica, així com un menor impacte ambiental. Tanmateix, la contribució en el sistema elèctric d'un volum ja important i creixent d'energia renovable requereix una complexa tasca d'integració a nivell tècnic i econòmic. Per aconseguir-ho, és necessari desenvolupar una regulació estable que complementi el procés de liberalització del sector amb l'objectiu d'acomodar la generació renovable en un model energètic sostenible. La (in)formació i participació de la demanda es presenta com una condició clau per engegar el camí cap a una nova cultura energètica.La sostenibilidad del modelo energético de Cataluña se ve condicionada por aspectos como la dependencia energética, la seguridad de suministro, la eficiencia energética, los impactos ambientales y la demanda creciente. Por otro lado, la incorporación de energía renovable en el mix energético implica una mayor autonomía energética, seguridad de suministro a largo plazo y eficiencia energética, así como un menor impacto ambiental. Sin embargo, la contribución en el sistema eléctrico de un volumen ya importante y creciente de energía renovable requiere una compleja tarea de integración a nivel técnico y económico. Para conseguirlo, es necesario desarrollar una regulación estable que complemente el proceso de liberalización del sector con el objetivo de acomodar la generación renovable en un modelo energético sostenible. La (in)formación y participación de la demanda se presenta como una condición clave para empezar el camino hacia una nueva cultura energética.The sustainability of the energy model of Catalonia is conditioned by aspects such as energy dependence, security of supply, energy efficiency, environmental impacts and the increasing demand. On the other hand, the incorporation of renewable energy in the energy mix means greater energy independence, long-term security of supply and energy efficiency as well as less environmental impact. However, the contribution to the electrical system of a large and growing volume of renewable energy requires a complex integration task in technical and economic fields. To achieve this, it is necessary to develop a stable regulation to complement the liberalization of the sector in order to accommodate renewable generation in a sustainable energy model. The information and participation of demand is presented as a key condition for beginning the path toward a new energy culture